Periapical inflammatory lesion is the local response of bone around the apex of tooth that develops after the necrosis of the pulp tissue or extensive periodontal disease. The final outcome of the nature of wound healing after endodontic surgery could be repair or regeneration depending on the nature of the wound, the availability of progenitor cells, signaling molecules and microenvironmental cues. The purpose of this case report is to add knowledge to the existing literature about the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the treatment of large periapical lesion. A periapical endodontic surgery was performed on a 33-years-old female patient with a swelling in the palatal region of upper front teeth with a large bony defect radiologically. The surgical defect was filled with PRF membrane and sutured. The present case report concluded that PRF produced by high-speed centrifugation accelerated the wound healing and induced the rapid rate of bone formation.

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Mucormycosis (zygomycosis or phycomycosis) is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by a saprophytic fungus that belongs to the class of phycomycetes. It is commonly associated with immunocompromised patients. Such patients may present with extensive jaw bone necrosis and pose a diagnostic challenge for an oral physician. Here, we describe our clinical experience of a 55-year-old diabetic, hypothyroidism female with extensive necrosis of the maxilla due to refractory mucormycosis, a lethal fungal infection which necessitates multidisciplinary approach for treatment.

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Taurodontism appears to have low incidence in primary dentition and very few cases are reported in the literature. An enlarged pulp chamber, apical displacement of the pulpal floor, and no constriction at the level of the cemento-enamel junction are the characteristic features. Endodontic treatment of taurodonts is often challenging and needs more time than usual treatment. This paper reports a case of four year child with taurodontic mandibular left second deciduous molars.

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According to Dewey's modification of angle's malocclusion, Class I Type 3 malocclusion is the Class I malocclusion with anterior crossbite. This case report illustrates the treatment of the 13-year-old patient, with a crossbite of the maxillary right permanent central and lateral incisors. Two upper acrylic removable appliances, each with an expansion jackscrew, were used to correct the crossbite. The total active treatment time was 6 months, and the treatment outcome was successfully maintained for the subsequent 6 months. General and pediatric dentists, as well as orthodontists, may find this technique useful in managing crossbite cases of the permanent dentition by the removable appliance and utilizing the discussion and illustrations for further clinical guidance.

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Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effect of various surface chemical treatments on the interfacial adhesion of glass and quartz fiber posts to composite core material by assessing the microtensile bond strength. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 glass fiber posts (Group I) and 40 quartz fiber posts (Group II) were selected. Posts in each group were divided into four subgroups based on the surface chemical treatment employed such as A (10% hydrogen peroxide), B (4% hydrofluoric acid), C (37% phosphoric acid), and D (control silanization alone). After prescribed surface treatment protocol for respective subgroups, a core was built around each post using a dual-cure core buildup composite material. Each bonded specimen was sectioned to obtain 'microtensile' specimen which was subjected to tensile load at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure, in a Universal Testing Machine. The changes in the post surface characteristics after surface treatments were evaluated using scanning electron microscope. Results: Mean bond strength was higher in quartz fiber posts when compared to glass fiber post. Surface treatment with hydrogen peroxide had the greatest impact on post surface in both glass and quartz fiber post groups. Conclusion: Surface chemical treatments of fiber posts significantly increased the interfacial bond strength by enhancing the chemical and micromechanical interaction between the fiber posts and composite core.

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Aims: The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the host tissue response around oral implants using two gingival retraction systems, namely, G-Cuff™ and Traxodent^®. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases were selected and divided into two groups: Group A – ten patients in whom gingival retraction was done using G-Cuff™ and Group B – ten patients in whom gingival retraction was done using Traxodent^®. Patients with immobile, stable, and planned cement-retained implant prosthesis were enrolled in the study. Both Group A and B patients, peri-implant soft tissues were analyzed three times: preretraction, postretraction, and after 7 days for the various parameters. Statistical Analysis Used: The data obtained were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test, Pearson's Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney test. Results: The use of G-Cuff™ resulted in decrease in the mean of the probing depth values after 7 days from 1.30 to 1.13 mm. The values of the probing depth for the Traxodent^® group showed a slight increase from 1.30 mm to 1.60 and 1.57 mm at immediately and 7 days after retraction. The mucosal index increased for G-Cuff™ and Traxodent^® group. Bleeding on probing significantly decreased in Traxodent^® group. Conclusion: There was difference in the host tissue response by the two types of retraction agents in relation to some parameters, and also, the level of pain and discomfort by the use of G-Cuff™ was found in few cases. Based on the results of short-term evaluations, chemical cordless retraction system functioned statistically well in terms of hemostasis.

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Objective: Objetive of the study was to evaluate the effect of cast Co-Cr and acetal resin clasp on the surface of tooth. Methodology: Ten extracted human mandibular molars were selected for the study. Clasp holding surfaces of the teeth were demarcated and examined by stereomicroscope and optical profilometer to evaluate the surface roughness qualitatively and quantitatively. The molars were then mounted on a cast and on which cast Co-Cr and acetal resin clasps were fabricated with an attached vertical strut. The assembly was placed on a masticatory simulator. Three thousand cycles of insertion and removal were carried out to simulate 2 years of usage. After the experiment was completed, the molars were evaluated for the surface changes by stereomicroscope and optical profilometer. Results: Qualitative analysis by stereomicroscope showed linear scratches and grooves on the surface of enamel caused by the use of cast Co-Cr and acetal resin clasp. Minimal scratches were seen on the enamel when acetal resin clasp was used. Optical profilometry showed statistically significant results (P < 0.0001) with the Co-Cr clasp. Acetal resin clasps showed insignificant results. The retentive force of cast Co-Cr clasp showed a decrease from 12.4 N to 8.1 N. Whereas, the retentive force of acetal resin clasp reduced from 5.2 N to 4.03 N at the completion of the experiment. Conclusions: Acetal resin clasps do not abrade the surface of tooth and maintain retention. Acetal resin clasps are esthetic and are available in 16 different shades.

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The process of mastication is an essential function for the survival of dentate organisms and has long been a subject of the study in the dental literature. PubMed lists 11,202 references to articles on mastication from 1914 to the present. Moreover, dentistry pays too little attention to a patient's ability to chew food. The teeth that we fill, extract, replace, and by orthodontics move are critical to the mastication of food. Of course, there are many other structures and organs involved as well. Mastication is the initial step in the digestive process of all dentate subjects and necessary for good nutrition and health. Thus, an understanding of mastication is very important in Dental Medicine. Mastication can be analyzed in three ways: (a) analyzing the movements of the mandible, (b) analyzing the activity of the masticatory muscles (electromyography studies) or c) analyzing the results of the mastication process (chewing particle size analysis). Each of these approaches has been studied separately in the past, but the simultaneous analysis of the movements and the muscle activity is the more revealing approach. A discussion is presented here to illustrate how the combination of electrognathography and electromyography can be recorded through a highly sophisticated hardware and software system using a personal computer. Analyzing masticatory movements with simultaneously recorded muscle activity to reveal muscle coordination has become a technique that can be carried out in the average dental practice. The results of these studies can help us diagnose temporomandibular joint internal derangements, identify other temporomandibular disorder conditions, and design prosthetic restorations that function. More uniquely, this process can also reveal the quality of a patient's masticatory function before any treatment and indicate incremental improvement after treatment.

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