Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) restorations have developed at rapid pace since their introduction offering accuracy and more options. The paradigm shift from traditional techniques to CAD/CAM technology has brought about a revolutionary change in the way the restorations are fabricated. Impression techniques, burnout oven, and casting machines have been replaced by model scanning and CAD/CAM milling machines. Keyboards, monitors, and cursors have replaced Bunsen burners, wax, and carving instrument to fabricate crown and bridge prosthesis. CAD/CAM technology offers automated production, patient comfort, esthetically pleasing and strong restorations and cost-effectiveness to laboratories. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY

• Computer-aided design/computer.aided manufacturing technology is now a viable, predictable, and efficient alternative to traditional methods for fabrication of dental restorations
• It has innumerable clinical applications including fabrication of indirect restorations, occlusal splints, implant prosthodontics, maxillofacial prosthodontics, and orthodontics.

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the efficacy of different irrigating solutions on root canal system and analyzing smear layer using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: Fifty mandibular premolars were decoronated and split longitudinally. Each root half was divided into five groups (n = 10): Group I - 3 ml of physiological saline, Group II - 3 ml of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Group III - 1 ml of 10% citric acid, Group IV - 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate (Vishal Dentocare, India), Group V - Largal Ultra (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] 15% + cetrimide 0.75%), Septodont (Saint-Maur-des-fosses, France), and Group VI - Smear Clear (Sybron Endo, Orange, CA, USA) (17% EDTA, cetrimide, and a special surfactant). Irrigation regimens were performed for 1 min. The presence or absence of smear layer at the coronal, middle, and apical portion of each canal were examined under an SEM. Results: A significant difference (P < 0.001) in smear layer removal between smear clear and Largal Ultra at the apical and middle third of the canal was observed. The presence of debris is more obvious in the apical third rather than in the middle and coronal part of the root canals. Conclusion: Largal Ultra, Smear Clear, and the citric acid removed the smear layer more efficient way as compared to CHX, NaOCl, and saline solutions.

Aims: The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of diode laser in combination with commercially available fluoride varnish to the fluoride varnish alone. Settings and Design: Randomized control trial; split mouth. Subjects and Methods: A total of 50 teeth from 14 patients with visual analog scale (VAS) >2 from both sexes were randomly allocated into two groups: 26 teeth in bifluoride group and 24 in laser + bifluoride group. Dentine hypersensitivity is evaluated with the help of VAS at the start of study, at 15 min; 15, 30, and 60 days. Teeth were subjected to vitality testing to rule out any pulpal pathology. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 17.0. Unpaired t test. Results: After 15 min both the treatment modalities were effective. The effectiveness of fluoride varnish in reducing evaporative stimulus (ES) was maintained until 15 days. However, the laser + fluoride varnish was more effective in reducing thermal stimulus (TS) at 15 days. At any given point of time, the effectiveness of laser + fluoride varnish was more than the varnish group. The effectiveness of laser also reduced after 30 days for both ES and TS. Conclusions: The diode laser and fluoride varnish are effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. The combined effect is more than fluoride varnish alone, but for a short period.

Trauma to primary dentition usually presents with problems in the permanent dentition which are difficult to treat. This case report describes the treatment of a 23-year-old adult female patient with crown dilaceration and discoloration of maxillary right central incisor. Therapeutic management of this tooth was combined with orthodontic treatment for proclination due to associated dilaceration of crown. A. sequential approach of endodontic treatment followed by orthodontic treatment was carried out. The tooth was later treated with a fiber post, and ceramic facing crown was delivered. To produce esthetic results, discoloration of maxillary left central incisor was treated with the composite restoration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY

• The article “gEndodontic and Orthodontic Interdisciplinary Management of a Patient with Turner'fs Hypoplasia”h is a case report of a young 23-year-old girl who was seeking dental help for her unesthetic upper incisors
• The proclination due to an unusual crown angulation could not be corrected by prosthetic treatment alone and required help from an orthodontist. Once the proclination along with crowding was corrected, the esthetics could be improved
• Also the patient had focal hypoplastic lesions with brownish discoloration and root reinforcement was required. Thus, a fiber post was luted
• The esthetic look was, however, enhanced with a prosthetic treatment of a metal ceramic crown.

Complicated crown fractures involving direct pulp exposure are not viewed as a hopeless situation for pulp survival in mature teeth. The vitality of a healthy pulp can be preserved after traumatic exposure with predictable outcomes with the use of appropriate biomimetic materials. Hence, this case report highlights the reattachment of fractured fragment with pin-point pulp exposure in a mature tooth with partial pulpotomy using white mineral trioxide aggregate with 18 months follow-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY

• Case reported to trauma, dealt in oral surgery
• Case restored by an endodontist
• Case managed by prosthodontists for further evaluation.

Lymphoma is the second most common neoplasm of the head and neck region. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) affects not only lymphoid organs but other organs and tissues that do not contain lymphoid cells. NHL cases occur extranodally and in 3% of these cases the initial presentation may be in the oral cavity. This case report presents an unusual occurrence of NHL in a young pregnant female presenting as generalized gingival enlargement which was the first and only clinical manifestation of the malignancy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY

• The present case emphasizes the importance of the diagnosis of gingival enlargement, as this can be the manifestation
• Early diagnosis may allow treatment of early stage disease, resulting in a better prognosis for the patient
• Thus, an interdisciplinary approach among periodontist, gynecologist, pathologist, and oncologist will help in precise and timely diagnosis and treatment of such malignancies.

A visual assessment of the periodontal tissues may be misleading. A periodontal pocket is the most important clinical feature of periodontal diseases. However, even the most reliable probing can be misleading at times and only X-rays of the area allow us to assess the exact clinical situation. This paper presents a report wherein the deceptive periodontal pocket later lead to the diagnosis of an odontogenic keratocyst.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY
This case holds an important relevance to interdisciplinary dentistry as such cases are often reported by dental practitioners wherein, the patients chief complaint is very different from the clinical picture actually observed by the dentist. In this case a mere reporting of periodontal pocket would have led to mistreatment with curettage, whereas the actual treatment needed was enucleation.

Breach in the continuity of the cortical plate often leads to dehiscence and fenestration alveolar defects. These case reports discuss the regeneration of periodontal tissues in fenestration and dehiscence defects that had developed around traumatized incisors, using a novel, cost effective platelet.rich fibrin clot along with hydroxyapatite bone grafting material. These alveolar defects profoundly affect the prognosis of both periodontal and endodontic treatment outcomes; therefore, they should be carefully diagnosed and managed to increase the long-term prognosis of the tooth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY

• Since diseases never confined themselves within the purlieu of a department; henceforth with an interdisciplinary approach, careful diagnosis followed by sequential treatment methodology is of paramount importance while management of a disease
• In the present case reports, fenestration and dehiscence defects were successfully treated with combined endodontic-periodontal approach with no recurrence of periodontal disease at 1-year and 6. months follow-ups, respectively.

A deformed alveolar ridge may result from periodontal disease, trauma, tooth extraction, tumor, or congenital defects. The ridge deformity is directly related with the volume of the root structure and associated bone that is missing or has been destroyed. The esthetic, hygiene, and functional concerns can be the formation of “black triangles” interdentally, loss of buccal/facial contour, an unesthetic thick pontic made to compensate the horizontal ridge defect, food impaction in the open interdental spaces under the pontic, difficulty in speech and unesthetic gingival texture. In today's practice, patients with normal skeletal pattern who have lost a substantial degree of their original osseous dimensions due to tooth loss or trauma are much more prevalent. Alveolar ridge defects are common and poise a significant problem in dental treatment and rehabilitation. A thorough knowledge of ridge augmentation is required for successful interdisciplinary approaches. Therefore, the time-honored proverb that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” is most applicable to the many problems involved in the successful reconstruction of localized defects that exist within the alveolar ridge. The following databases were searched to collect all relevant articles in relation to ridge augmentation procedures “PubMed” and “Medline” using the following descriptors–ridge augmentation, ridge preservation, allografts, autografts, block bone grafts, interdisciplinary approach, and the data was accumulated and analyzed. All the articles available from 1920 to December 2014 were included for review analysis. A total number of 520 articles were collected out of which most relevant ones were included in this article. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY Dental professionals have the opportunity to make their patients aware of these new treatment modalities in regard to ridge preservation and augmentation. Recent findings and scientific research articles support the use of ridge augmentation for better esthetics. A future development of the application of ridge augmentation in interdisciplinary dentistry requires a comprehensive joint program to provide the patient with the best available treatment in this field.

Hypodontia is the congenital absence of <6 teeth because of agenesis. The absence of teeth may be unilateral or bilateral. Several treatment options are indicated to treat hypodontia, including the maintenance of primary teeth or space redistribution for restorative treatment with partial adhesive bridges, tooth transplantation, and implants. However, an interdisciplinary approach is the most important requirement for the ideal treatment of hypodontia. This case report describes the interdisciplinary treatment of a 17-year-old female with missing teeth (mandibular central and lateral incisors), deep overbite, and spacing. The treatment plan included the first orthodontic correction and prosthetic management using fiber-reinforced composite bridge for missing teeth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY Correction of dental problems is a complex procedures and usually it requires a interdisiplinary approch for the best outcome. Interdisiplinary dentistry covers the broad area and involves management of patient records, diagnose the various problem, and establising the chain of communication.