The long-term success of any dental implant treatment is influenced by several factors, including patient factors, preventative measures used by the patient, esthetics, surgical factors, mechanical factors of the implant system, periodontal factors, and restorative factors. The patient factors, esthetic factors and prevention influencing the treatment planning of a dental implant patient were discussed in the previous paper. This article will discuss the surgical, radiological, and mechanical factors involved in dental implant treatment with a relevant case study. The periodontal and restorative factors will be discussed in the final article. Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry

• Long term implant success in dependant on several factors, some of which are discussed in this article. Knowledge of surgical dentistry, radiology and mechanical factors are discussed to demonstrate application of interdisciplinary dentistry.

Background: Implants are connected to the natural teeth in the management of partially edentulous patients. The use of this concept has been a subject of discussion as some authors have recommended it while others stress on the potential complications associated with splinting implants to natural teeth. Purpose: The purpose of this article was to systematically review the literature regarding the rationale, difference in the biomechanical behavior of the implant and the natural teeth, nature of connection, potential complications associated with splinting of implants and teeth, and guidelines to be followed. Materials and Methods: Various databases like PubMed, Ebscohost, Science Direct were searched between 1980 to December 2011 to retrieve articles regarding the implant natural teeth connection. A manual search for the references from the retrieved articles was also completed. The articles published only in English, randomized clinical trials, prospective and retrospective clinical studies, laboratory and computer generated research were included. Abstracts, opinion articles, technique articles and questionnaire based studies were excluded. Results: The biomechanical impact of mismatch in the mobility pattern of natural teeth and implants has been controversial. Various complications associated with tooth implant supported prosthesis has been reported with intrusion and implant overloading being the cause of concern. Marginal bone loss associated with overload around the implant has been reported and found to be within acceptable levels. The reports also suggested no significant differences between various types of connections utilized and to use the non rigid connections with caution. Conclusion: Whenever possible implant supported prostheses should be the treatment of choice. However, certain clinical situations demand connecting teeth to implants. Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry

• The difference in the biomechanical behaviour between osseointegrated implants and teeth and the efficacy of the different modes of connection that have been employed are explored.
• Evidence based decisions could be made concerning utility of connecting teeth to implants

Modern dentistry aims to manage non-cavitated carious lesions non-invasively through remineralization in an attempt to prevent disease progression, and to improve form, function, strength and esthetics of teeth. The emphasis currently is being laid upon new technologies for enamel remineralization. Further studies are required on biomimetic molecules involved in calcium fluoride phosphate stabilization and nucleation that may provide further improvements in the development of novel remineralization treatments. The aim of this paper is to review the contemporary remineralizing systems available for remineralization therapy and their implementation into clinical practice. A search of articles from "Pubmed" and "Medline" with the keywords Remineralization- demineralization, Casein derivatives, fluoridated remineralizing agents and non-fluoridated remineralizing agents was conducted. A total of 810 abstracts were collected, of which 351 articles that discussed the current technologies of remineralizing agents were read and 71 most relevant articles were included in this paper. Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry

• All work in the health field is aimed at conservation of the human body and its function; similarly, dentistry's goal should be to preserve healthy, natural tooth structure. Modern dentistry aims to manage non-cavitated carious lesions non-invasively through remineralization. Remineralizing agents can also find its application in other fields of dentistry like pedodontics, periodontics and orthodontics. It can help in mineralization and management of hypocalcified lesions. It can be used for desensitization of exposed dentine affected by dental erosion. It can be used after debonding of brackets in lieu of completion of orthodontic treatment.

Objectives : To evaluate knowledge and practice of inter dental aids among a group of dental students in Tumkur, India. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among dental students using questionnaire. Results: 84.6% dental students brushed their teeth twice daily. 74% students had knowledge regarding inter dental aids where as only 18% of the students practiced it. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among students of different years in the knowledge and practice of inter dental aids. Conclusions: Among dental students, the overall knowledge of inter dental aids was good, even though there were deficits in knowledge in a few areas. The knowledge and practice of inter dental aids improved with increasing levels of education. Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry

1. Dental health is highly an individualized concept and dental student become a role model for oral health.
2. Most of the studies have shown the oral health behavior of dental students giving importance to routine brushing aids and knowledge.
3. The present study deals with knowledge and practice of interdental aids by dental students and recommends change in dental curriculum mainly subject of Preventive dentistry.
4. Students have to be informed how to use that knowledge in the real life.

Background: To assess whether apex locators are accurate in determining the root canal length in resorbing roots of deciduous tooth compared to the conventional radiographic method. Materials and Methods: Samples for the study included 30 primary maxillary and mandibular molar root canals in children of age group 5 to 12 years. Root canal lengths were determined with Conventional radiographs, Apex locator and direct measurements using stereomicroscope. Results: When the measurements from radiograph and apex locator were compared with direct measurements, they were non-significant with P value of 0.342 and 0.266 respectively and F value of 0.396 and 0.303, respectively. Conclusions: Apex locator and conventional radiograph both are proven to be accurate in working length determination in primary molars. Apex locators can thus be used in resorbing root canals of deciduous molars obtaining good results with no radiation hazard and processing difficulties. Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry

• Working length determination is one of the crucial steps for the final outcome of the endodontic procedure
• Apex locators work well in fully formed roots, but is it the same in cases of resorbing roots especially as seen in deciduous teeth
• The answer to the same question may be relevant in roots with external root resorption or in an immature root

Aim and Objective: Provisionalization is essential for tooth protection and treatment outcome evaluation. Utmost care should be taken to maintain the soft tissue health when provisionals are cemented. Mouthrinses are commonly used as an adjunct to protect against caries and periodontal diseases. Thesesolutions are responsible for discolouration of provisional materials. In the present study, the aim is to assess the staining potentials of a chlorhexidine gluconate rinse, a benzydamine hydrochloride rinse and a tea tree oil rinse on a provisional acrylic material in vitro by application of a digital system for colour analysis Materials and Method: In this study, the staining potentials of a tea tree oil, a chlorhexidine gluconate rinse, and a benzydamine hydrochloride rinse was investigated; whereas distilled water was used as the control. Results: Color change of a commercially available provisional restorative material was evaluated after 24 hours immersion in three different mouthrinses. ∆E values obtained were 1.76 for chlorhexidine gluconate, 1.55 for benzydamine hydrochloride and 1.88 for TTO. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, it is concluded that benzydamine hydrochloride exerts the least perceptible change in colour of bisacryl composite provisional resin material. Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry

• Dentistry today is vastly different from what it was before.
• Today it is in the era of interdisciplinary approach from independent to interdependent.
• It is more result oriented and more successful when any case or situation is handled combined by interdisciplinary experts.
• Action and role of mouthrinses and their interdisciplinary outcome is evaluated in the present study.

Marginal tissue recession presents a common condition in Periodontology. Recession defects around teeth are usually treated to achieve patient-centered outcomes such as reduction in root sensitivity, ease in plaque control, and aesthetic concerns regarding excessive tooth length and abnormal gingival contour. It is believed that cases of recession in which the etiological factors are well diagnosed and eliminated show a great percentage of recession coverage. According to Miller, Class I and II show complete recession coverage whereas cases with class III are only capable of partial coverage. A variety of surgical procedures have been described for recession coverage. The present case report presents a clinical case classified as Miller's class III recession which was treated using coronally advanced partial thickness flap with subepithelial connective tissue graft to obtain root coverage and also eliminate the aesthetic deficiency. Clinical Relevance To Interdisciplinary Dentistry

• Thorough knowledge of anatomy of donor and recipient site is important for success of coronally advanced partial thickness flap with subepithelial connective tissue graft.
• Proper case selection and elimination of etiologic factors is key to successful management of gingival recession.
• Subepithelial connective tissue graft if used.

Dental trauma is defined as a lesion of variable extension, intensity and gravity, of accidental or intentional origin, that may cause damages to the victims and bring prejudice to the quality of life of children and adolescents. The present case report refers to an adolescent that used prosthesis for 10 years, sculpted by herself in cattle ribs, because she was not adequately attended by the health staff. Dental treatment consisted of removal of the remaining roots and installation of an immediate prosthesis and 3 months later, a final prosthesis was made. This case alerts us to the serious emotional and social consequences resulting from traumatic injuries as well as the need for a professional approach sensitive to the situation of the patient. Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry

• This article highlights the association of smile and individual's self-esteem.
• This article presents an interesting and very unusual case report and shows how social and psychological factors may interfere with attitudes and oral health.
• The interdisciplinary among esthetic, prosthetic, surgery and periodontics achieved excellence in clinical outcomes, as well as improved self-esteem of the patient.

A combination traumatic injury involving avulsion and intrusive luxation type of injury is a rare clinical occurrence. This case report describes the management of an intruded central incisor along with repositioned avulsed teeth. The rationale behind this interdisciplinary treatment approach was to use orthodontic extrusion of the tooth for biological repositioning of the tooth along with esthetic management during the treatment period. Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry

• Avulsed teeth when replanted immediately have a good prognosis.
• Orthodontic extrusion is a viable treatment option in cases of intrusion and subgingival fractures. It is conservative treatment with an extremely favorable prognosis.
• Management of traumatic injury requires a multidisciplinary approach.