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| CASE REPORT |
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| Year : 2014 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 3 | Page : 152-155 |
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Management of tooth with failed regeneration procedure
Swati Bhosale, P Mridula, M Rameshkumar, S Jayasree
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College, Calicut, Kerala, India
| Date of Web Publication | 18-Dec-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Swati Bhosale
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College, Calicut, Kerala
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2229-5194.147337
 Abstract | | |
Teeth with immature root development, necrotic pulps, and apical periodontitis present multiple challenges for successful endodontic treatment. Regenerative endodontics is a contemporary approach to managing these problems. Successful regeneration depends on a race between the new tissue and bacteria populating the pulp space and on the ability of the patient to heal the dental pulp tissues. Importance of prevention of bacterial entry into the root canal and maintaining proper coronal seal should not be overemphasized. Evidence suggests that mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apexification may be more beneficial for severely injured teeth than a regenerative endodontic procedure. Fiber posts, in combination with composite resin or with accessory fiber posts, can be recommended alternative to cast post and core in flared roots, due to the lower risk of catastrophic failures and better stress distribution. It is the tactic of choice for reinforcing structurally weakened roots as the function, and the prognosis of the restored root is improved, compared with the use of one single, inadequately fitting post. This report is about a case with failed regeneration procedure and managed with MTA apexification and multiple fiber posts to enhance its fracture resistance of maxillary central incisor.
Clinical Relevance To Interdisciplinary Dentistry
- Mineral trioxide aggregate apexification may be more beneficial for severely injured teeth than a regenerative endodontic procedure
- Large diameter posts contribute more favorably to the fracture resistance of the root postcore-crown system than small diameter posts
- Fiber posts, in combination with composite resin or with accessory fiber posts, can be recommended alternative to cast post and core in flared roots, because of the lower risk of catastrophic failures and better stress distribution.
Keywords: Accessory post technique, mineral trioxide aggregate apexification, regeneration
How to cite this article:
Bhosale S, Mridula P, Rameshkumar M, Jayasree S. Management of tooth with failed regeneration procedure. J Interdiscip Dentistry 2014;4:152-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Bhosale S, Mridula P, Rameshkumar M, Jayasree S. Management of tooth with failed regeneration procedure. J Interdiscip Dentistry [serial online] 2014 [cited 2023 Mar 28];4:152-5. Available from: https://www.jidonline.com/text.asp?2014/4/3/152/147337 |
| Introduction | |  |
Traumatic injuries to permanent teeth are more common in children in the age group of 8-10 years. [1],[2] Dental trauma causes damage to the tooth ranging from enamel infarction to crown-root fracture to loss of tooth due to avulsion.
Trauma to immature permanent tooth may lead to loss of pulp vitality, pulpal necrosis that will prevent the root formation. The treatment of pulpal necrosis in an immature tooth with an open apex presents a unique challenge to the dentist. The absence of an apical constriction makes root canal treatment difficult because of the inability to obtain a seal with conventional obturation techniques. The thin root canal walls render it susceptible to fracture. [3]
Regenerative endodontics is a contemporary approach to managing this problem. In other words, in a case with an immature apex and necrotic pulp, regenerative endodontics allows for continued root development, thicker dentinal walls, longer root length, and a closed apex, thus reducing the risk of fracture during tooth function. This approach is based on the presence of osteo/odonto progenitor stem cells in the apical papilla that are resistant to the infection and necrosis caused by proximity to periodontal blood supply. [4] In this treatment, the ideal goal is to prepare an appropriate environment inside the root canal space (i.e., absence of bacteria and necrotic pulp tissue, presence of a scaffold and a good coronal seal) that promotes repopulation of these stem cells, regeneration of pulp tissue, and continuation of root development. [5] There are several case studies that demonstrate successful clinical and radiographic outcome for this treatment approach in single rooted [6],[7] and molar teeth. [8],[9]
However, there are several drawbacks and unfavorable outcomes of regenerative endodontic procedures, [10] which include discoloration of the tooth, time required for disinfection of the root canal space with triple antibiotic paste or calcium hydroxide and increased number of clinical sessions (compared with one-visit mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA] apical barrier technique).
In some studies, the outcome of regenerative endodontic treatments of necrotic immature teeth was lower than ideal, including absence of increase in root length, [6],[8] absence of increase in root canal wall thickness, [11] or lack of formation of tooth apex. [11] This case report discussed about a case of failed regeneration procedure and managed with MTA apexification and multiple fiber posts to enhance its fracture resistance of maxillary central incisor.
| Case report | | |
A young 13-year-old male patient reported to the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics with the chief complaint of broken, discolored tooth in upper front region and foul smell occasionally. Medical history of the patient was not contributory. History revealed that the patient had a history of trauma 5-6 years back and underwent regeneration procedure for the same tooth 3 years back [Figure 1]a and b and tooth discolored after treatment. Clinical examination showed middle third crown fracture and discoloration of tooth no. 11 with loss of coronal seal [Figure 2]a. Radiographic examination showed incompletely closed root apex, insufficient root length and relatively wide canal with incomplete filling of the canal and dislodged coronal seal [Figure 1]a. Reinforcement of the root with anatomical fiber post along with MTA apexification to achieve apical seal and to strengthen the root was planned and written informed consent was obtained.
Under rubber dam isolation tooth no. 11 was opened and filling from the canal was removed with no. 35 H file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Stop was observed at the apex on instrumentation suggestive of calcific barrier due to previous regeneration procedure, which was incomplete and even larger files could penetrate the barrier (No. 45, No. 50 H file [Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland]). Working length was determined by using radiographic method and paper point method. Primary focus was given to the chemical disinfection of the canal due to reduced dentin thickness. Irrigation was done with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (Novo Dental Product, Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India), and side vent needle to avoid the possibility of extrusion of irrigant. 2% Chlorhexidine solution (Safe Plus Neelkanth Healthcare Pvt. Ltd,. Rajasthan, India) is used as final irrigant after intermittent irrigation with saline. Canal was dried using paper points. Triple antibiotic paste made up of ciprofloxacin 500 mg (Ciplox 500 mg, Cipla Ltd., Sikkim, India), metronidazole 400 mg (Aristogyl, Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., India) and minocycline 100 mg (Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., Solan, India) was placed as an intracanal medicament because of its antimicrobial efficacy. Patient was recalled after 21 days [Figure 1]c. Canal was irrigated with normal saline for removal of triple antibiotic paste and with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. 3-4 mm MTA (ProRoot MTA Dentsply, Tulsa, OK USA) was placed as an apical barrier to achieve adequate apical stop and reduce the further possibility of bacterial leakage into the periapical area as well as to strengthen the apical 3 rd of root [Figure 1]d.
An impression of postspace was made using light body and putty consistency addition polyvinyl silicone impression material. A study model was prepared from the impression. Master fiber post (size 3) and two accessory fiber posts (size 1) (superpost CONICO ESTRIADO, Exceldent Trading Quezon city) were selected to adapt the canal configuration on study model. In the following appointment, fit and adaptability of the selected posts were verified clinically. Selected fiber posts were etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Vococid Voco cuxhaven, Germany) and after application of bonding agent (Tetric N- Bond Ivoclar Vivadent) posts were bonded to each other by resin cement (3M ESPE Rely X TM U100, Germany) similar to rolled gutta-percha technique [Figure 2]b. Small amount of composite (3M ESPE Filtek TM , USA) was built up on these fiber posts unit to compensate remaining space at coronal third of the canal [Figure 2]c. This anatomical post was again etched, silane coupling agent (monobond plus, Ivoclar vivadent) and bonding agent was applied and the unit was cemented into the canal [Figure 1]e. Core build up was done with composite up to coronal third of crown. All ceramic full crown restoration was placed in order to satisfy patient's aesthetic needs [Figure 2]d and e. | Figure 1: (a and b) IOPA showing previous regeneration procedure and lack of coronal seal. (c) Radiograph after disinfection with triple antibiotic paste. (d) Mineral trioxide aggregate is placed as an apical barrier. (e) IOPA showing multiple fiber posts in position
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 | Figure 2: (a) Clinical photograph showing fractured and discolored central incisor due to previous regeneration procedure. (b) Selected master fiber post and two accessory fiber posts bonded into single unit. (c) Composite build down was done on customized fiber post to follow canal configuration. (d) Placement of all ceramic crown. (e) One year follow-up
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| Discussion | | |
Regeneration is the ideal desirable outcome for any restorative procedure. The last decade has seen a quest for a material that can regenerate the odontogenic tissue successfully, both from a periodontal and endodontic aspect. Regeneration of the pulpal tissue of an infected immature tooth with apical periodontitis had once been thought to be impossible. However, if a suitable environment could be achieved, that is, absence of intracanal infection and presence of a scaffold conducive to tissue in growth, then regeneration of pulp might take place. In the present case failure of regenerative procedure can be attributed to poor coronal seal and bacterial contamination of the root canal. And also the suggested fact is the success of regenerative endodontic procedure is dependent on the ability of the patient's immune system to heal the dental pulp tissues. [12]
Some recent limited evidence suggests that MTA apexification may be more beneficial for severely injured teeth than a regenerative endodontic procedure. [13] MTA offers the option of two-visit apexification procedure, which has the benefit of better compliance and reduced number of radiographs, particularly in younger patients. In the present case, it was found that the barrier formed was incomplete, porous, and even the larger files were able to penetrate through it into periapical area. Root wall thickness was not increased, and root length was inadequate. Hence, MTA barrier was placed to achieve fluid tight seal in the apical portion of the root canal and to strengthen the root canal walls in the apical portion of the canal.
To solve the problem of thin root canal walls and to restore the tooth function based on concept of rolled cone technique of gutta-percha, selected master fiber post and accessory posts were bonded to each other and made it into a single unit following the canal configuration. Finally, this configured post was cemented with uniform layer of resin cement into the canal.
Fiber post was selected overcast post as they are more flexible than metal posts, modulus of elasticity (stiffness) [14] is same as dentin and distribute forces more evenly in the root, resulting in fewer root fractures. [15]
Anatomically adapted fiber post will have added benefits, thickness of the cementing medium is minimal and constant [16] thus reducing polymerization stress caused by a great amount of cement around the post [17],[18],[19] and also formation of bubbles or voids, representing areas of weakness within the material, is less likely in a thin and uniform layer of cement. [20] The thin and constant thickness of the cement layer, combined with the absence of voids, increase the retention of the post, thus reducing the tendency to debonding. [21] Thick posts contribute more favorably to the fracture resistance of the root-post-core-crown system than thin posts, presuming that excess preparation and subsequent weakening of the remaining root dentin is at the same time avoided. [22] In fact, the load-bearing capacity is not only related to the strength of the adhesive interfaces, but also to the design of the postsystem in simulating the structure of the tooth. [23] So in the present case, preference was given to anatomic post.
There is a linear relationship between fracture load and the diameter of posts. [24] The greater thickness of the coronal portion of the anatomically adapted post could preserve the margin on the tension side from opening during cyclic load and the margin on the compressive side from crushing cement and dentin, maintaining marginal integrity under function. Faria et al. evaluated the effect of fiber postrelining with composite resin on push-out bond strength. Relined fiber posts presented higher retention values than the nonrelined ones. All failures occurred at the interface between resin cement and root dentin. [25]
The MONOBLOC philosophy must be expandable, with techniques and products to accommodate the wide, flared canal, while also considering the other existing variables, such as C-Factor and S-Factor stress, [26] polymerization shrinkage and even microleakage.
The C-Factor and S-Factor (stress associated with polymerization shrinkage) are at their highest with postcementation, because of the high number of involved surfaces and no unbounded surfaces. [26] With this anatomical post, if any polymerization shrinkage of composite occurs, it will be at the free space and not in between the tooth and the restoration, neutralizing the S-Factor effect. The cement thickness will be minimal and uniform. [26],[27]
| Conclusion | | |
It is possible to conclude that use of the fiber post, associated with accessory posts is the method of choice for reinforcing structurally weakened roots and provides an improvement in the load carrying ability of the restored root is validated, as opposed to the use of one single inadequately fitting post.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
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